Nanotechnology: A Boon For Today And Its Innovations For Tomorrow's World

Author:shiva

Nanotechnology emerged by the implementation of nanoscience-which is the science of building materials and devices using single atoms and molecules .Thus knowledge and understanding of behavior and phenomena of the nanoscale world is nanoscience and when we study, observe, experiment and build materials from the individual atoms and molecules (nanoscale things) we come up with a technology termed as nanotechnology.

It has been already been observed that everything is made up of molecules which in turn are made up of atoms, now customization at these levels to get a useful product is what nanotechnology is helping us achieve.

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WHAT ACTUALLY IS NANOTECHNOLOGY ALL ABOUT?

Nanotechnology has been understood by different scientists in different way and so we can have many definition if this technology by all intimately means to say only one thing that nanotechnology is really a boon and a gift which can be utilized in different field to given tremendous results .Nanoscience is an interdisciplinary subject and is used in many field for creating tremendous results

In early years When K. Eric Drexler popularized the word ‘nanotechnology', he was talking about building machines on the scale of molecules, a few nanometers wide—motors, robot arms, and even whole computers, far smaller than a cell. Thus nanotechnology evolution was also categorized in four generations viz-‘Passive nanostructures', Active Nanostructures', 'Systems of nanosystems' and ‘Molecular nanostructures'.

Fig -2 www.h20technologies.com

The prefix ‘nano' in both science and technology refers to the unit of 10-9 which means really small. It has been observed in research that at nanoscale (10-9m),the physical, chemical & biological properties of material differ in fundamental and valuable ways from the properties of individual atoms and molecules of bulk matter. Materials at nanoscale can behave very differently from when they are in larger form. Nanomaterials can be stronger or lighter, or conduct heat or electricity in a different way. Moreover, by changing just the molecular structure of a material it is even possible to control fundamental properties of materials like their melting temperature, magnetic properties, charge capacity and even colors without changing their chemical compositions; particles of gold can appear red or blue, depending on their size. Building something out of these materials is difficult but have tremendous results. Although nonmaterial processes occur at the nano scale level but the objects and result scan be much larger.

APPLICATION AREAS OF NANOTECHNOLOGIES-

Nanotechnology is not just a concept of material science but it has implementations of physics, chemistry, biology, computer science, mechanical and electrical engineering. Nanotechnology is distinguished by its interdisciplinary nature. Lot of work has already been done in nanotechnology field and there is tremendous scope for this technology in future. Scientists have already applied this technology in various fields and it holds many inventions for future. Let us have a look what all nanotechnology has in its shell.

• Natural nanotechnology-

Nanotechnology appears naturally without intervention of human beings. For e.g.-Chloroplast in plant cells.

• Nanotechnology in IT & Electronics-

Nanotechnology has proved to be a miracle in these fields as it is used in miniaturization of devices in the semiconductor industry. This technology holds major implications in the field of computers. For e.g.-Nanochips in computers .Nanotechnology offers the tools to understand / transform the silicon technology. It is the major reason of improvement in display screens and electronic devices. (Replacements of CRT by electron-producing Carbon Nanotubes).High resolution Recordable Compact Discs (CD-R) with progressive scans are built with nanotechnology that displays the best in picture quality. And only because of nanotechnology, nonvolatile random access memory cards have been designed that are almost 10 times better as compared to similarly sized regular RAM. Wireless laser mouse have also been designed with nanotechnology. This mouse is perfect for medical offices, libraries, and schools as well as for mobile professionals, gamers, and desktop users. As there is nano coating in the mouse it contains antimicrobial properties, which protect the mouse from bacteria.[4]Nano robotics, is the technology of creating machines at or close to microscopic scale of nanometers. Researchers all over the world are working to come up with the best designs to actually build these nanocomputers(DNA & Quantum computers). Demand for better surface finish and accuracy has been increasing rapidly in recent years. Nano - surface finish has become an important parameter in the semiconductor industry[5].

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  Chemical Nanotechnology-

  
  

It is not a new field as many chemical processes use it. Chemical catalysts coating, alloys, abrasives and glues are typical examples chemical nanotechnology.

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  Nanobiotechnology & Biomedical nanotechnology-

  
  

This technology studies element exists in nature to produce new devices. In life sciences this technology is used in nanocells e.g.: 'Globblebot'- an artificial white blood cell. It is used in biomedicines, diagnosis & therapy of cancer. For e.g.-Nanotubes,nano medicines and nanogels. Tiny machines(nano robots) in your body can be used  to cure cancer as cancer cells can be killed without painful side effects of chemotherapy. Thus we can now destroy tumors without killing healthy cells at the same time. Using nanotechnology in biometric sensors for medical therapies is now possible only because of nanotechnology. Carbon tubes are already helping to deliver drugs. Scientists have microscopic robots floating in our blood streams fighting against cancer cells, AIDS HIV virus, genetic disorders or even ageing. Nanotechnology has revolutionise the pharmaceutical industry by changing the ways drugs are produced and delivered.

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  Nanotechnology In space –

  
  

There is a tremendous improvement in shuttles & Satellites using ‘Nano satellites\' -Biosensors (as a solution to Columbia shuttle tragedy & Fabrication to space shuttle material that can withstand 1000 degree centigrade.)Nano foods (food which can be preserved without refrigeration & protection from bacteria and diseases),Space suites and Space Elevator 'Climbing the Sky' -Ultra high strength materials allow tower to be built into space ! is only a new step of nanotechnology.

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  Nanotechnology and Defense-

  
  

Nanotechnology is now being used in defense to make more secure, lighter and accurate sensors. It is a promise from nanotechnology that the weapons will improve as the conventional material can be replaced with more rigid & lighter material using this technology.

NANOTECHNOLOGY IN MARKET-TODAY AND PROMISES FOR TOMMORROW

Currently more than 370 products on the market are utilizing nanotechnology.  These range from car tires and sports equipment to electronics, clothing with stain-resistant fibers and cosmetics.

Nanotechnology is used in  - The cars we drive, The food we eat, the clothes we wear-there are jackets available in the market which will keep us cool in summers and warm in winters, The sunscreens we use-which use nano sized zinc oxide particles to absorb and reflect UV rays which makes lotions transparent and smooth and non-sticky which will therefore make it more appealing to the consumer. We have Anti-ageing creams and the food shortly will be available that contain chemicals which are said to prevent wrinkles by promoting skin cell regrowth, Nano health supplements are also available -such as antioxidants. In sports, nanotechnology is used in Tennis balls, which are coated with nano sized material which make them more lighter and bouncy as molecular barrier is formed by the tiny particles that trap air molecules making the balls extra bouncy. Self-cleaning windows will be in the market soon, which are coated with a material, which has unique chemical properties. When the sun shines on these windows, a chemical reaction is triggered which breaks down dirt. Rain, instead of forming droplets, will spread evenly over the panel and wash away the broken down dirt. (as they are photocatalytic and hydrophilic).We have Washing Machines available e.g. Samsung Silver care which exhibits bacterial growth on the clothes it washes. Contact lenses are being developed that let you check your blood sugar by looking in a mirror. Intelligent nano coating for windows will serve as protector that reflect solar heat in the summer and transmit it in winter. Automobiles fuel lines are available in the market which are made up of carbon nano tubes which inhibits static electricity and reduce the risk of explosion.

In future you might be reading on electronic folded paper, according to an American Scientists, build from thousands of Carbon nanotubes. Researchers all over the world are working to come up with the best practices and results using this amazing technology and making our daily lives easy and interesting. Additional applications are underway in the areas of medical diagnostics and treatment, biotechnology, pharmaceuticals, environmental protection (transformation of wastage into useful products), energy production, storage and lightning, manufacturing and product design.

Scientists believe that it is possible to build supercomputers that can replicate human brains or to develop nanotechnology that can lead to an implantable chip for interfacing with neurons and other types of cellular networks.[6]

Nanotechnology has contributed towards the betterment of  human lives and the environment as reduction in production of waste as now it is not impossible to have devices that can convert house hold waste into fresh food, diamond rings or antique works of art. Thus a pollution free environment can be created

RISKS OF THE BOON-A CONTROVERSAL ISSUE!!

We have already seen the benefits of nano structuring. But to fully utilize these materials we should be cautious while using and a defined framework should be used to maximize the potentials of nanotechnology. Due to the high surface area the reactivity of the materials, get increased which can create risks to the health and environment. Ultra fine particals can catalyze chemical reactions in the body. Carbon nanotubes can cause infections-gallium & arsenic is used in it, which could prove toxic.They could easily cross blood brain barrier(a membrane that protects the brain  from harmful chemical in blood stream. Changes in proteins due to the presence of nano particles in the blood stream could trigger dangerous effects like blood clotting.)

Apart from the health risks we have the risks associated with our social environment also like ‘Grey-goo scenario' proposed by Eric Drexler, where a synthetic nano-size device replaces all organic material. This scenario specifies that there will ‘Two Races of People'-as the people who use nano technology products such as cosmetics etc. will feel superior to those who are not using it.Is this scenario good for the society. Apart from this fact we should observe a question -Are More powerful weapons good ? and What about the manufacturing jobs?

We don't have answers to these questions, but several organizations are urging nanoscientists to consider these implications now, before it becomes too late.

Whether we actually need to answer all of these questions is a matter of debate. Many experts think that concerns like ‘Grey goo' and ‘Trans-humans' are at best premature, and probably unnecessary. Even so, nanotechnology will definitely continue to impact us as we learn more about the enormous potential of the nanoscale and nano-stucturing.

CONCLUSION

It can be said very confidently that nanotechnology is considered as the key technology of the 21st century. It has offered and will offer many solutions to many current problems by means of smaller, lighter, faster and better performing materials, components and systems. Nanotechnology has opened up new market opportunities and has also made essential contributions to environmental and health protection. Nanotechnology with all its challenges and opportunities will become a part of our future. Besides all risks and confusions, the researchers are optimistic for the products based upon this technology

I have no doubt in saying that Nanotechnology is slowly but steadily ushering in the new industrial revolution.

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/nanotechnology-a-boon-for-today-and-its-innovations-for-tomorrows-world-4840043.html

About the Author

This article has been written by Shiva Sharam . She is an Assistant Professor, Department of PGDM(IT), Accurate Institute of Management and technology, Greater Noida.

Nanotechnology is begining to improve our everyday lives – part 2

NanoSense 2 - how Nanotechnology is improving our everyday lives

Author: Prof. Benfield

Continuing our Fantastic Voyage

In the first of these brief articles the sci-fi film Fantastic Voyage of 40 years ago was seen emerging as today's scientific discipline 'Nanotechnology'.

Having considered some of the incredible ways that medical science is applying the knowledge of sub-molecular changes to deliver health benefits, this second part in the series links these with materials science and our everyday environments. .

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Citing the development work of Greek scientist Dr Ioannis Arabatzis, it takes a look at some of the products produced by his company, Nanophos SA. Winner of the Gates' foundations' international prize for commercializing scientific research, his efforts to deliver practical benefits to everyday situations through technical excellence and inventiveness are seen as exemplary.

(E)merging building science

Despite the arguments over when and if nanotechnology and in particular nanobots will become available, as the previous article illustrates this is happening. Perhaps this is all the more so in nonmedical areas, which are subject to all sorts of test before they can be applied. This is particularly so in the area of Building Science, which is able to apply the same technology and techniques, but with far fewer restrictions and therefore faster market deliverability.

Based in Greece, 'Nanophos SA' is one company already delivering the benefits of Nanotechnology to address everyday problems in and around the home and other buildings to improve our lives.

Founded by scientist Dr Ioannis Arabatzis, Nanophos SA has developed a number of compounds for treating all kinds of products. Personally recognised by Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, for the innovative nature of their work, NanoPhos and Dr Arabatzis are undoubtedly delivering cutting edge nanotech inventions to improve and add value to a wide range of everyday products.

Protecting and waterproofing surfaces from within

Bricks, concrete, marble and timber are just a few of the items surrounding us in everyday life that are susceptible to surface damage though staining, sunlight, mould and fungus. Unlike other compounds, for instance 2 component or silicon based treatments that create a 'plastic film' on the surface they are applied to, Nanophos SA' SurfaPore® product uses the changed characteristics of nanotechnology to deeply penetrate the pores of these materials and 'dress' them from within.

Instead of sealing off these pores, like the other treatments, they act below the surface to change the cellular structure of the material, enabling it to use chemical forces to repel water and other corroding factors.

Whereas surface barrier films are damaged or worn away by cleaning, abrasion and mechanical wear and tear, this below surface treatment gives truly long lasting protection to any material to which it is applied. Since non-particles do not form polymer chains, they also last longer, with 95% of their original functionality or activity being recorded after eight years.

This enhanced, long lasting protection is due to the unique method developed by SurfaPore to chemically anchor its nanoparticles onto the basic building material.

Avoiding colour change and UV damage

By eliminating the need to create a film or membrane to protect surfaces, SurfaPore® formulations don't change the colour or appearance of the surfaces to which they are applied. They are also more resistant to the 'hard' UV part of solar radiation and so are less susceptible to the yellowing and fade effects of sunlight.

'Breathing' surfaces

One very important advantage of SurfaPore® is that surfaces modified with an appropriate SurfaPore® nanocompound can still 'breathe' after application. What this means is that water vapour can still travel from and to the outside through the natural pores of the material because they are not trapped by a protective film or membrane.

While water itself is blocked from being transferred from the external environment to the inside of the material, moisture that has got into the substrate before application can still freely vaporise and evaporate to the environment, without accumulating behind the building's surface.

As building technologists will readily appreciate, this means that surfaces modified with SurfaPore® remain dry and unchanged in both appearance and mechanical properties. Better still, many building failures, like swelling, cracking and warping are also minimized if not totally prevented.

Next Time

Using SurfaPore® to protect surfaces from stains, moulds, and fungus, how to apply, coverage and other useful 'stuff'.

The SurfaPore® range

With constant research adding to and improving these high tech products, SurfaPore® 'C' is the treatment for cement based surfaces, mortar, grout, stucco and natural or artificial stone, SurfaPore® 'R' is the product for clay based bricks, tiles, terracotta, and pottery, SurfaPore® 'T' is that one to use to protect granite, marble, and porcelain surfaces, while SurfaPore® 'W' provides wide protection for timber and wood based materials.
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Dr Benfield is visiting Professor with University of Wales Newport and CEO of on-line superstore Home & Garden Centre who sell innovative and unusual products, including solid wall insulation and nanotechnology materials.

Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/http://profbenfield.articlealley.com/nanosense-2--how-nanotechnology-is-improving-our-everyday-lives-1179631.html

Nanotechnology is begining to improve our everyday lives - part 1

How Nanotechnology is begining to improve our everyday lives - part 1

Author: Prof. Benfield

Sci-fi's Fantastic Voyage predicted today's science. From the film in which scientists shrank a and injected a submarine and its crew to save a dying man to even stranger inventions.

Do you remember 'Fantastic Voyage' - the sci-fi film in which scientists shran

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k a submarine and crew, injected them into a dying man , and saved him from certain death before being resized for more adventures?

Scripted by Harry Kleiner in 1966 and novelized for Bantam paperbacks 6 months later by Isaac Asimov, it spawned an animated TV series as well as a Salvador Dali painting. Now, some 40 years later, it is seeing practical application in space and cancer medicine, as well as arguably more prosaic areas like materials science.

Today it is called 'Nanotechnology' and in this series of brief articles we'll be exploring how it is beginning to influence the world around us. It begins by linking medical and building science.

Nanontechnology in a Nutshell

The science of Nanotechnology deals with very, very small structures, usually less than 100 nanometers in diameter. With 1 nanometer being 1 billionth of a meter, you'll get some idea of how small this is by imagining the earth as having a diameter of 1 meter with 1 billion apple pips (seeds) inside it. Or, looked at another way, the dimension ratio between a meter and a nanometer is the same as between earth and an apple.

For the mathematical purists among you 1nm = 10 -09 m, i.e. 1/1,000,000,000 Einstein might have imagined this by building a train wagon in his mind, giving this a length, width and height of 1nm and then fitting this inside a few hundreds of hydrogen molecules.

For scientists and technologists this has special interest because at this size materials reveal unique properties when compared not only with ordinary bulk sized materials, but also their molecules. In essence they take advantages of properties that neither individual molecules nor molecular structures exhibit.

For example, if we could see it a gold nanoparticle deposited on a surface would appear purple, rather than shiny and 'golden' that we presently recognize.

Again, if you can imagine a molecule as having a very small atom at it's core with many electrons spinning around this, all held together by the power of attraction, then you'll get some idea of the scale of things they are working with.

Another example of particular interest to scientists and technologists currently working, or considering working in this area is that of Titanium Dioxide (titania). This is used in paints to give that extremely white, opaque finish. But nanonised titania is completely transparent.

Nanomedicine

Drug discovery, drug delivery and continuing miniaturization are three areas in which medicine has joined our Fantastic Voyage. Long-term, in-vivo diagnostics and more targeted therapy without side effects are on the horizon. Being able to look for drug targets on a cellular rather than multi-cellular, or tissue basis can be much more precise.

Biosensors and molecule probes allow cellular processes to be examined and drug development aimed at molecular targets.

Latest treatment techniques already allow a drug to be put inside a nanoparticle, like a carbon or silicon nanotube. This might also hold antibodies to bind the drug, enabling smaller doses to be delivered direct to the targeted tissue.

Various nanoparticle drug formulations are already being investigated in animal models and early stage clinical studies in humans.

Treating Cancer & Diabetes

Using such nanobots, i.e. vehicles for carrying treatments, radioactive generators are already being injected. Going direct to the infected tissue these give small radiation doses to treat the cancer without all the unpleasant side effects of radiation therapy.

By encapsulating pancreatic cells inside nanoparticles they can be kept alive to secrete insulin without being attacked by antibodies. It's not a cure for diabetes, but does avoid unpleasant injections, delivering the insulin in a natural way.

Brain Tumors and Space Medicine

Neuroscientists are developing nanoparticles to cross the brain-blood barrier and could be treating brain tumors within a couple of years. Meanwhile NASA is pursuing remote diagnostics and treatments for space travelers, like radiation damaged cells. As Cecilia Haberzettl, founder and president of TechnoMed Strategic Partners, recently wrote in Nanotechnology

"When a cell is damaged by radiation it expresses different proteins on its surface. The nanobot would detect those proteins and then repair the cell, either by giving it antioxidants or by enhancing the natural mechanisms of DNA repair by some technique yet to be defined. Or, if the damage is severe, the nanobot could trigger the cell to die. All of that could happen while the astronauts are up in space, while avoiding communication delays due to the distance from the Earth."

Next Time

From treating humans to treating the buildings in which they live, how nanotechnology is being used in materials science and how a Greek entrepreneurial scientist has developed products that protect surfaces from stains, moulds, and fungus. Personally recognised by Bill Gates, founder of Microsoft, for the innovative nature of their work, they are undoubtedly delivering cutting edge nanotech inventions and technical excellence to improve and add value to a wide range of everyday products.

Look out for the next article to learn how this little company is experiencing burgeoning international growth by delivering massive advances and technical excellence in surface protections.
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Surfapore products can be bought on line from http://www.hgc.uk.com or http://www.benfieldatt.co.uk for inustrial quantities.

As visiting professor with the University of Wales Newport, Dr Benfield speaks, writes and consults on a range of environmental and sustainable development issues. Full Reprints with acknowledgment permitted. Approval required for changes.

Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/http://profbenfield.articlealley.com/how-nanotechnology-is-begining-to-improve-our-everyday-lives--part-1-1147062.html

Nanotechnology Australia : A Short History of Nanotechnology

A Short History of Nanotechnology

Author: Tauqeer Ul Hassan

The idea of building machines in microscopic sizes and making them function like construction bots for producing organizing and rearranging objects at molecular level is not easy to believe when there is no such technology present. This concept was put forward by Richard Feynman in 1959 in his talk  There's Plenty of Room at the Bottom'. This was the first talk to deal with the principles of nanotechnology but this was not a new idea.

Nanotechnology Australia : A Short History of Nanotechnology

Before Feynman had talked about this concept of nanotechnology, it was already proposed by James Clerk Maxwell in 1867. He had proposed an experiment of little entity called Maxwell's Demon capable of handling individual molecules.

Richard Adolf Zsigmondy was the first to use nanometer for characterizing particle size in 1914. He determined it as 1/10,00,000 of millimeter from which he developed the first system classification based on particle size in the nanometer range.

Moore's Law had best codified the concept of the influences. Gordon Moore predicted on Intel in 1965 about how modern circuitry would pack more features as more devices were produced for the market. This law has held strong for nearly 50 years.

Nanotechnology was first defined by Norio Taniguchi of the Tokyo Science University in 1974. It was the processing of, separation, consolidation and deformation of materials by one atom or one molecule.

The concept of nanotechnology to engineering through the concept of molecular manufacturing was for the first time applied by Eric Drexler. He suggested that if atoms were viewed like marbles then molecules would be tight collections of these marbles. These molecules became normal scaled tools like motors when snapped together. Despite the size of nanoscale, these tools operated in the same way as their large counterparts did. The moving parts of the nano machines were formed by atoms held together by the strength of their own bonds. Drexler had finally envisioned that these nano bots would be used as assemblers for the purpose of putting together atoms into any shape.

By applying this simple vision of molecule manufacturing to industries, Drexler claimed that coal can change into diamond and computer chips can be made from sand. By reorganizing the atoms that make these materials, the process will be considerably shortened and their valuable products would be produced at a faster speed. This was the reason nanotechnology was presented by Drexler as a scientific field that exclusively revolved around molecule manufacturing.

You might also want to learn about who invented the mp3 player and history of nanotechnology.

Article Source: http://www.articlealley.com/http://tauqeerulhassan.articlealley.com/a-short-history-of-nanotechnology-1514359.html

Nanotechnology Australia : What is nanotechnology?

Stepping to the Nano-World

Author:Shivantha Withanage

 §  What is nanotechnology?

Nanotechnology is the study of manipulating matter on a molecular scale. In general this field deals with structures sized between 1 to 100 nanometers (nm) in at least one dimension. . In 1974 Tokyo science university professor Norio Taniguchi defined the term 'nanotechnology' as follows; 'Nano-technology' mainly consists of the processing of, separation, consolidation, and deformation of materials by one atom or by one molecule.'

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Nanotechnology is not just a single technical approach. It is a scientific basis for various possible new propositions. For example fields like nanomechanics, nanoelectronics and nanophotonics are new fields which have evolved on the scientific foundation of nanotechnology. As shown above it covers a vast range in science from mechanisms in the conventional physics to absolutely new methods based on self assembly of matter. Nanotechnology deals directly with developing new materials within the nano scale and investigate possibilities and methodologies of controlling matter on the atomic scale.

§  Unknown history of nanotechnology.  

The concept of nanotechnology was first expressed in 'There's plenty of room at the bottom', a speech given by physicist Richard Feynman at an American physical society meeting at Caltech which was held on 1959. In this speech he described about development of methods to manipulate individual atoms and molecules. In 1980's the basic idea of nanotechnology was explored in much more depth by Dr. K. Eric Drexler, who promoted the significance of nano-scale phenomena by the means of speeches and books such as 'Engines of Creations: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology' which is considered as the first book on nanotechnology.

Major advancement of nanotechnology was accompanied by two major moves in the science; the origin of cluster science and the invention of scanning tunneling microscope (STM). This led to the discovery of fullerenes, which are the molecules composed entirely in carbons, in the forms of hollow sphere, ellipsoid or tube, in 1985. After few years, carbon nano tubes which is a special type of fullerene was discovered.

§  Concepts of nanotechnology.

There are two main concepts in nanotechnology; the 'bottom-up' concept and the 'top-down' concept.

•  In the 'bottom-up' concept, materials are built from molecular components which have the ability of assembling themselves chemically under the principles of molecular recognition and bond formation.


• In the 'top-down' concept objects in the nano scale are constructed from larger entities. The 'top-down' concept doesn't involve any control of the formation of nano bodies at the atomic level.

In this scenario scaling issues would arise from changing the magnitude of various physical phenomena.

Article Source: http://shivanthawithanage.articlesbase.com/science-articles/stepping-to-the-nano-world-4439399.html

About the Author

Shivantha Withanage is a science student. Since 2009 he is publishing on various fields of science. In 2010, he came up with his debut science project, 'Traditional Ways of Water Purification', where he attempted to evaluate the scientific basis of traditional wisdom of water purification in Sri Lanka.